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Architecture and urban planning started to give up the traditional styles and start to create a further form in constructions at the beginning of the 20th century. After industrialization, the building was made more affordable and stronger by using new technology. The new technique created an opportunity for the designer to construct wider spaces and taller buildings. Also, by using new technology, mass production of materials became easier and more inexpensive. In addition, the new methods increased the speed of the construction process. On the other hand, as experience that the introduction of the modern period organized fast urbanization and construction in cities. Therefore, more homogenized cities and continuity structure appeared and the cultural, traditional and vernacular architecture was disappeared in designing. Because the architecture only accepted the modern style in their design and abandon the traditional styles without any consideration. It was the time to face m...

Since, concrete is relatively weak in tension, reinforcement consisting of steel bars, strands or wires is required to absorb tensile, shearing and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete member or structure. Steel reinforcement is also required to tie vertical and horizontal elements, reinforce the edges around openings, minimize shrinkage cracking and control thermal expansion and contraction. All reinforcement should be designed by a suitably qualified engineer.       Reinforcing bars are steel sections hot-rolled with ribs or other deformations for better mechanical bonding to concrete. The bar number refers to its diameter in millimeters – for example, a 6 bar is 6 mm in diameter.      The welded-wire fabric consists of a grid of steel wires or bars  welded together at all points of intersection. The fabric is designated by the size of the grid in mm followed by a number indicating the wire size. ...